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Western Silversmith History
Silver was one of the first metals refined and used by humans. It is thought that only gold and copper predate its use. It is an economically valuable metal for several reasons. First, it's scarcity makes it a more costly metal. Second, it has an attractive, almost luminescent appearance that is highly desirable for display. Third, it is a malleable, easily worked metal that can be shaped into a variety of objects. Finally, it has many uses not only in personal adornment, but also in industry and in medicine.

Silver as adornment predates modern history. It was already being separated from ore by 5,000 BC. Several ancient civilizations are known to have attained a high degree of proficiency at working this magic metal. It was long thought that the Greeks were the first true masters of silver and gold smithing, but that changed in the 1920's when the tomb of the Mesopotamian Queen Pu-Abi was unearthed revealing an elaborate filigree knife sheath dating from 2600 BC.

Filigree, a technique of working with fine filaments of silver to form elaborate designs, takes years to master and requires a high degree of sophistication. The filigree on Pu-Abi's sheath, as well as other fine examples found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, prove that the art of silversmithing had been practiced and refined for an extended period prior to 2600 BC.

After the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, the Greeks continued to evolve and refine the art of silver manipulation, applying their own tastes and techniques. Typically, traditional Greek jewelry featured sculptural renderings of natural forms, similar in content to their classical statuary. With the rise of their empire, the Romans drew much of their skill in working precious metals from techniques perfected by the Greeks. The similarities between Greek and Roman jewelry end with the craft. In style, Roman jewelry making tended to be based on the use of color, as in semiprecious stones. Designs were simpler not because of a lack of ability but rather because the Romans preferred the look.

As the Romans spread their influence throughout the Empire, the art and craft of silver work, like so many other trades, was transferred to far off lands. The Celts produced highly stylized jewelry in silver and gold from about 500 BC to 500 AD. Their intricate knotwork designs were highly prized and traded throughout the Mediterranean. The influence of Celtic design can be seen throughout the Middle Ages in the work of Irish monks and artisans. Celtic motifs in jewelry have become a sort of subculture unto themselves, with whole companies dedicated to the production of this genre.

Many of the traditions associated with the Egyptians and Romans, filigree as an example, were lost with the advent of Rome's decline. It was not until the late Medieval period that their technical prowess was rivaled. As European civilization emerged from the Dark ages, jewelry making and the wearing of precious metal objects became more popular. With the rise of the merchant class, starting in Venice then spreading throughout Europe, the nobility imposed restrictions on who could wear jewelry and of what type. Fearing they would be upstaged, Europe's ruling class forbade the wearing of jewelry that would be considered "above their class" by non-royals and specifically the nouveau-riche.

With the Renaissance, art of all forms flourished. Jewelry making attained a diversity and technical merit not seen in over a thousand years. The appetite for precious metal jewelry kept pace with important new gold and silver sources in the Americas. While the level of production of gold and silver had remained mostly stagnant or even declined after the fall of the Roman Empire, production of ore increased dramatically once the rich mines of South America were more fully utilized.

After the Renaissance, jewelry making went through various periods that define popular genres. Whereas previous eras of jewelry making are referred to by culture or regional reference (i.e. Egyptian or Celtic), jewelry of the post-Renaissance takes on a more trend oriented identification. Think of Victorian, Art Nouveau or Retro period pieces. In addition, new manufacturing techniques and refinements make for mass production on a scale never before seen. Art meets innovation via the Industrial Revolution.

Today, the idea of artisan crafted jewelry is not lost. Like most labor-intensive economic activities, the production of commercial jewelry has shifted to countries with lower costs. For the past decade or so, India, Thailand and Bali have been major sources of good quality silver and gold jewelry that is produced at a reasonable price. Currently, like so many other household items in Western culture, China is becoming a world player in the production of silver jewelry. The Chinese producers, though not of the same caliber of technical skill as the Indians or Balinese, have added thoroughly modern production techniques that combine the best of casting and hand finish work. We will undoubtedly see their dominance rise over the next five years as the Chinese more fully develop their skills in hand smithing, .

And what about the traditional artisan of Western culture? They seem to have been relegated into three typical molds: the designer, the commercial artisan, and the hobbyist. Maybe these are the only three categories that have ever existed, but today they represent a small part of the commercial jewelry industry. Some lament the decline of traditional American or European jewelry craftsmanship, but rarely are their voices heard above the majority who crave more and ever cheaper.


The Easterling Theory:
One possible origin of the term "sterling silver" originated first as "Easterling Silver". The term "Easterling Silver" was used to refer to the grade of silver that had originally been used as the local currency in an area of Germany, known as "The Easterling".

(This article written by Mike McGinnis and published originally on indiasilver.com. We allow republication provided the piece is copied in its entirety with links and attribution.)

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